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Criminal stereotype of African Americans
The criminal stereotype of African Americans in the United States is an ethnic stereotype according to which African American males are stereotyped to be criminal and dangerous.〔Gabbidon, Shaun L. (ed.); Greene, Helen Taylor (ed.); Young, Vernetta D. (ed.). (2001). (''African American Classics in Criminology and Criminal Justice'' ). SAGE Publications. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-7619-2433-3.〕〔Edles, Laura Desfor (2002). (''Cultural Sociology in Practice'' ). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-631-21090-0.〕 The figure of the African-American man as criminal has appeared frequently in American popular culture〔Tucker, p. 4.〕〔Vera, Harnan; Feagin, Joe R. (2007). (''Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations'' ). Springer. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-387-70844-7.〕〔Russell-Brown, p. 77.〕 and it has been associated with racial profiling by law enforcement.〔Welch, p. 276.〕
Research in the United States has revealed a common perception that African-American males are more prone to commit, or more responsible for committing violent crimes in the country. This belief is supported by crime statistics.〔Welch, p. 278.〕 Per capita, African Americans are much more likely to commit and be arrested for crimes of violence than other racial groups. However, African Americans are significantly more likely to be profiled, arrested and incarcerated in the US than white suspects who commit similar offenses and have equal or longer criminal records.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Does Abortion Prevent Crime? )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Racial Disparity in Sentencing )〕 African-American men are overrepresented in the American prison system; according to numerous sources, African Americans are approximately six times more likely to spend time in prison or jail than whites. According to research, African Americans receive up to 60% longer federal prison sentences than whites who commit similar offenses, and 20% longer prison sentences than whites who commit the same offenses. Some academic sources state that this is partially due to prosecutors over-charging African American defendants in contrast to white defendants.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Program in Law & Economics Working Paper Series )〕
==History==
Since the United States, slaveholders began to associate African Americans with crime as part of their justification for the institution. Historians have noted that the south historically has had a higher rate of violence than other parts of the country. They attributed this to the traditions of violence to enforce slavery, and actions in the late 19th century after Reconstruction of the white minority trying to dominate African Americans. The rise of drug-related violence and homicides in the inner cities in the 1970s and early 1980s caused people to become more worried about young African American men as "ominous criminal predator", rather than "petty thief", according to Marc Mauer.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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